A Comprehensive Survey on 5G-and-Beyond Networks With UAVs: Applications, Emerging Technologies, Regulatory Aspects, Research Trends and Challenges

Keith Powell Giovanni Geraci A. S. Abdalla + 1 lainnya

1 Juli 2020

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are emerging as enablers for supporting many applications and services, such as precision agriculture, search and rescue, temporary network deployment or coverage extension, and security. UAVs are being considered for integration into emerging 5G networks as aerial users or network support nodes. We propose to leverage UAVs in 5G to assist in the prevention, detection, and recovery of attacks on 5G networks. Specifically, we consider jamming, spoofing, eavesdropping, and the corresponding mitigation mechanisms that are enabled by the versatility of UAVs. We introduce the hot zone, safe zone, and UAV-based secondary authorization entity, among others, to increase the resilience and confidentiality of 5G radio access networks and services. We present simulation results and discuss open issues and research directions, including the need for experimental evaluation and a research platform for prototyping and testing the proposed technologies.

A. Tsourdos I. Petrunin

1 Februari 2021

Rapid increases in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) applications are attributed to severe spectrum collision issues, especially when UAVs operate in spectrum scarce environments, such as urban areas. Dynamic air-to-ground (A2G) link solutions can mitigate this issue by utilizing programmable communication hardware in the air and real-time assignment of spectrum resources to achieve high-throughput and low-latency connectivity between UAVs and operators. To mitigate the high-computation issue among ground control station (GCS) networks and provide a broad communication coverage for large number of UAVs, we propose an advanced UAV A2G communication solution integrated with the dynamic spectrum management (DSM) and network function virtualization (NFV) technology to serve urban operations. The edge-cutting UAV communication technologies are surveyed. The proposed scheme is discussed in terms of the high-level system architecture, virtual network architecture, specific virtual functions (SVFs), and affiliated operation support databases. Some major research challenges are highlighted and the possible directions of future research are identified.

Ravi Sharma Deepti Saraswat Pronaya Bhattacharya + 4 lainnya

2022

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained attention due to increased use-cases in healthcare, monitoring, surveillance, and logistics operations. UAVs mainly communicate with mobile base stations, ground stations (GS), or networked peer UAVs, known as UAV swarms. UAVs communicate with GS, or UAV swarms, over wireless channels to support mission-critical operations. Communication latency, bandwidth, and precision are of prime importance in such operations. With the rise of data-driven applications, fifth-generation (5G) networks would face bottlenecks to communicate at near-real-time, at low latency and improved coverage. Thus, researchers have shifted towards network designs that incorporate beyond 5G (B5G) networks for UAV designs. However, UAVs are resource-constrained, with limited power and battery, and thus centralized cloud-centric models are not suitable. Moreover, as exchanged data is through open channels, privacy and security issues exist. Federated learning (FL) allows data to be trained on local nodes, preserving privacy and improving network communication. However, sharing of local updates is required through a trusted consensus mechanism. Thus, blockchain (BC)-based FL schemes for UAVs allow trusted exchange of FL updates among UAV swarms and GS. To date, limited research has been carried out on the integration of BC and FL in UAV management. The proposed survey addresses the gap and presents a solution taxonomy of BC-based FL in UAVs for B5G networks due to the open problem. This paper presents a reference architecture and compares its potential benefits over traditional BC-based UAV networks. Open issues and challenges are discussed, with possible future directions. Finally, we present a logistics case study of BC-based FL-oriented UAVs in 6G networks. The survey aims to aid researchers in developing potential UAV solutions with the key integrating principles over a diverse set of application verticals.

Ibraheem Shayea M. Ergen R. Nordin + 3 lainnya

2020

Ensuring a seamless connection during the mobility of various User Equipments (UEs) will be one of the major challenges facing the practical implementation of the Fifth Generation (5G) networks and beyond. Several key determinants will significantly contribute to numerous mobility challenges. One of the most important determinants is the use of millimeter waves (mm-waves) as it is characterized by high path loss. The inclusion of various types of small coverage Base Stations (BSs), such as Picocell, Femtocell and drone-based BSs is another challenge. Other issues include the use of Dual Connectivity (DC), Carrier Aggregation (CA), the massive growth of mobiles connections, network diversity, the emergence of connected drones (as BS or UE), ultra-dense network, inefficient optimization processes, central optimization operations, partial optimization, complex relation in optimization operations, and the use of inefficient handover decision algorithms. The relationship between these processes and diverse wireless technologies can cause growing concerns in relation to handover associated with mobility. The risk becomes critical with high mobility speed scenarios. Therefore, mobility issues and their determinants must be efficiently addressed. This paper aims to provide an overview of mobility management in 5G networks. The work examines key factors that will significantly contribute to the increase of mobility issues. Furthermore, the innovative, advanced, efficient, and smart handover techniques that have been introduced in 5G networks are discussed. The study also highlights the main challenges facing UEs’ mobility as well as future research directions on mobility management in 5G networks and beyond.

P. Ranganathan Jaya Preethi Mohan Niroop Sugunaraj

19 Mei 2022

The fifth-generation mobile network (5G) services have the potential to provide high-speed connectivity to a large user base with excellent benchmarks on low latencies, large capacity, and faster upload/download data rates. The potential for millimeter-wave technologies to sustain enough power for mobile/Wi-Fi connectivity for indoor/outdoor applications provides an additional layer of expansion of 5G services to enhance good user experiences. The probability of threat landscape increases with a significant increase in network connectivity, users, non-existent or non-compliant Internet of Things (IoT) standards, and service types. Network mobility and applications that are planning on deploying 5G services such as Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Everything (V2X), Vehicle or Building to Infrastructure (V2I/B2I) Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR), digital twins-based and streaming video services increase vulnerabilities and risk landscape compromising Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) properties. This paper provides a high-level categorization of cyber attacks related to 5G environment into Physical, Remote, and Local. The various benchmarks (latency, bandwidth) for 5G network evaluation across multiple 5G related technologies such as Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) are outlined.