Quantum Cloud Computing: A Review, Open Problems, and Future Directions
Abstrak
Quantum cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of computing that empowers quantum applications and their deployment on quantum computing resources without the need for a specialized environment to host and operate physical quantum computers. This paper reviews recent advances, identifies open problems, and proposes future directions in quantum cloud computing. It discusses the state-of-the-art quantum cloud advances, including the various cloud-based models, platforms, and recently developed technologies and software use cases. Furthermore, it discusses different aspects of the quantum cloud, including resource management, quantum serverless, security, and privacy problems. Finally, the paper examines open problems and proposes the future directions of quantum cloud computing, including potential opportunities and ongoing research in this emerging field.
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11 Maret 2022
The evolution of quantum computing technologies has been advancing at a steady pace in the recent years, and the current trend suggests that it will become available at scale for commercial purposes in the near future. The acceleration can be boosted by pooling compute infrastructures to either parallelize algorithm execution or solve bigger instances that are not feasible on a single quantum computer, which requires an underlying Quantum Internet: the interconnection of quantum computers by quantum links and repeaters to exchange entangled quantum bits. However, Quantum Internet research so far has been focused on provisioning point-to-point flows only, which is suitable for (e.g.) quantum sensing and metrology, but not for distributed quantum computing. In this paper, after a primer on quantum computing and networking, we investigate the requirements and objectives of smart computing on distributed nodes from the perspective of quantum network provisioning. We then design a resource allocation strategy that is evaluated through a comprehensive simulation campaign, whose results highlight the key features and performance issues, and lead the way to further investigation in this direction.
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G. Peterssen M. Piattini José Luis Hevia
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Quantum computing has experienced a breakthrough. Several companies are taking up the challenge of designing and manufacturing quantum computers, and the supply of tools for quantum software development is growing all the time. This article addresses quantum software development toolkits and introduces the ‘QuantumPath’ platform. In developing QuantumPath, our aim is to fulfil certain principles such as: agnosticism, extensibility, integration, independency, optimisation, scalability, security, usability and software engineering support. This article presents both the architecture itself as well as the main tools that compose QuantumPath, in order to illustrate the support which platform provides to the development and execution of quantum software.
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5 Agustus 2022
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Daftar Referensi
12 referensiEvidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance
K. X. Wei Yantao Wu + 9 lainnya
1 Juni 2023
Quantum computing promises to offer substantial speed-ups over its classical counterpart for certain problems. However, the greatest impediment to realizing its full potential is noise that is inherent to these systems. The widely accepted solution to this challenge is the implementation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits, which is out of reach for current processors. Here we report experiments on a noisy 127-qubit processor and demonstrate the measurement of accurate expectation values for circuit volumes at a scale beyond brute-force classical computation. We argue that this represents evidence for the utility of quantum computing in a pre-fault-tolerant era. These experimental results are enabled by advances in the coherence and calibration of a superconducting processor at this scale and the ability to characterize^ 1 and controllably manipulate noise across such a large device. We establish the accuracy of the measured expectation values by comparing them with the output of exactly verifiable circuits. In the regime of strong entanglement, the quantum computer provides correct results for which leading classical approximations such as pure-state-based 1D (matrix product states, MPS) and 2D (isometric tensor network states, isoTNS) tensor network methods^ 2 , 3 break down. These experiments demonstrate a foundational tool for the realization of near-term quantum applications^ 4 , 5 . Experiments on a noisy 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor report the accurate measurement of expectation values beyond the reach of current brute-force classical computation, demonstrating evidence for the utility of quantum computing before fault tolerance.
Towards quantum enhanced adversarial robustness in machine learning
Maxwell T. West C. Leckie + 6 lainnya
25 Mei 2023
Machine learning algorithms are powerful tools for data-driven tasks such as image classification and feature detection. However, their vulnerability to adversarial examples—input samples manipulated to fool the algorithm—remains a serious challenge. The integration of machine learning with quantum computing has the potential to yield tools offering not only better accuracy and computational efficiency, but also superior robustness against adversarial attacks. Indeed, recent work has employed quantum-mechanical phenomena to defend against adversarial attacks, spurring the rapid development of the field of quantum adversarial machine learning (QAML) and potentially yielding a new source of quantum advantage. Despite promising early results, there remain challenges in building robust real-world QAML tools. In this Perspective, we discuss recent progress in QAML and identify key challenges. We also suggest future research directions that could determine the route to practicality for QAML approaches as quantum computing hardware scales up and noise levels are reduced. To fulfil the potential of quantum machine learning for practical applications in the near future, it needs to be robust against adversarial attacks. West and colleagues give an overview of recent developments in quantum adversarial machine learning, and outline key challenges and future research directions to advance the field.
A Primer on Security of Quantum Computing Hardware
S. Upadhyay Swaroop Ghosh + 1 lainnya
4 Mei 2023
Quantum computing is an emerging computing paradigm that can potentially transform several application areas by solving some of the intractable problems from classical domain. Similar to classical computing systems, quantum computing stack including software and hardware rely extensively on third parties many of them could be untrusted or less-trusted or unreliable. Quantum computing stack may contain sensitive Intellectual Properties (IP) that requires protection. From hardware perspective, quantum computers suffer from crosstalk that couples two programs in a multi-tenant setting to facilitate traditionally known fault injection attacks. Furthermore, third party calibration services can report incorrect error rates of qubits or mis-calibrate the qubits to degrade the computation performance for denial-of-service attacks. Quantum computers are expensive and access queue is typically long for trusted providers. Therefore, users may be enticed to explore untrusted but cheaper and readily available quantum hardware which can enable stealth of IP and tampering of quantum programs and/or computation outcomes. Recent studies have indicated the evolution of efficient but untrusted compilation services which presents risks to the IPs present in the quantum circuits. The untrusted compiler can also inject Trojans and perform tampering. Although quantum computing can involve sensitive IP and private information and can solve problems with strategic impact, its security and privacy has received inadequate attention. This paper provides comprehensive overview of the basics of quantum computing, key vulnerabilities embedded in the quantum systems and the recent attack vectors and corresponding defenses. Future research directions are also provided to build a stronger community of quantum security investigators.
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