Machine Learning in Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: A Survey

Makó Csaba Amir H. Mosavi Mehdi Sookhak + 7 lainnya

2022

The manuscript represents a comeprehensive and systematic literature review on the machine learning methods in the emerging applications of smart city. Application domains include the essential aspect of the smart cities including the energy, healthcare, transportation, security, and pollution. The methodology presents the state-of-the-art, taxonomy, evaluation and model performance. The study concludes that the hybrid models and ensembles are the best performers since they exhibit both high accuracy and not-costly complexity. On the other hand, the deep learning (DL) techniques had higher accuracy than the hybrid models and ensembles, but they demanded relatively higher computation power. Moreover, all these advanced ML methods had a slower processing speed than the single methods. Likewise, the support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT) generally outperformed the artificial neural network (ANN) for accuracy and other metrics. However, since the difference is negligible, it can be concluded that using either of them is appropriate. The study’s findings identify the pros and cons of the methods in each application for future researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers for the right problem within the context of smart cities.

Iman A. Akour Syed Shehryar Akbar M Zahid Hasan + 5 lainnya

23 Agustus 2021

Smart city is a collective term for technologies and concepts that are directed toward making cities efficient, technologically more advanced, greener and more socially inclusive. These concepts include technical, economic and social innovations. This term has been tossed around by various actors in politics, business, administration and urban planning since the 2000s to establish tech-based changes and innovations in urban areas. The idea of the smart city is used in conjunction with the utilization of digital technologies and at the same time represents a reaction to the economic, social and political challenges that post-industrial societies are confronted with at the start of the new millennium. The key focus is on dealing with challenges faced by urban society, such as environmental pollution, demographic change, population growth, healthcare, the financial crisis or scarcity of resources. In a broader sense, the term also includes non-technical innovations that make urban life more sustainable. So far, the idea of using IoT-based sensor networks for healthcare applications is a promising one with the potential of minimizing inefficiencies in the existing infrastructure. A machine learning approach is key to successful implementation of the IoT-powered wireless sensor networks for this purpose since there is large amount of data to be handled intelligently. Throughout this paper, it will be discussed in detail how AI-powered IoT and WSNs are applied in the healthcare sector. This research will be a baseline study for understanding the role of the IoT in smart cities, in particular in the healthcare sector, for future research works.

J. F. Jurado Letizia Marchegiani A. Abu-Mahfouz + 2 lainnya

3 Februari 2022

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which are enablers of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, are typically used en-masse in widely physically distributed applications to monitor the dynamic conditions of the environment. They collect raw sensor data that is processed centralised. With the current traditional techniques of state-of-art WSN programmed for specific tasks, it is hard to react to any dynamic change in the conditions of the environment beyond the scope of the intended task. To solve this problem, a synergy between Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and WSN has been proposed. This paper aims to present the current status of Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Network (SDWSN) proposals and introduce the readers to the emerging research topic that combines Machine Learning (ML) and SDWSN concepts, also called ML-SDWSNs. ML-SDWSN grants an intelligent, centralised and resource-aware architecture to achieve improved network performance and solve the challenges currently found in the practical implementation of SDWSNs. This survey provides helpful information and insights to the scientific and industrial communities, and professional organisations interested in SDWSN, mainly the current state-of-art, ML techniques, and open issues.

Sangkeum Lee Dongsoo Har L. Vecchietti + 2 lainnya

1 Juni 2021

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are typically used with dynamic conditions of task-related environments for sensing(monitoring) and gathering of raw sensor data for subsequent forwarding to a base station. In order to deploy WSNs in real environments, a variety of technical challenges must be addressed. With traditional techniques developed for a specific task, it is hard to react in dynamic situations beyond the scope of the intended task. As a solution to this problem, machine learning (ML) techniques that are able to handle dynamic situations with successful learning process have been applied lately in WSNs. Particularly, deep learning (DL) techniques, a class of ML techniques characterized by the use of deep neural network, are used for WSNs to extract higher level features from raw sensor data. A range of benefits obtained from ML techniques applied to WSNs can be described as reduced computational complexity, increased feasibility in finding optimal solutions, increased energy efficiency, etc. On the other hand, it is found from our survey that large training time and large dataset to get acceptable performance are accompanied with large energy consumption which is not favorable for resource-restrained WSNs. Reviews on the applications of ML techniques in WSNs appeared in the literature. However, few reviews have dealt with the applications of DL techniques in WSNs. In this review, recent developments of ML techniques for WSNs are presented with much emphasis on DL techniques. The DL techniques developed for various applications in WSNs are addressed together with their respective deep neural network architectures.

Iqbal H. Sarker

8 Maret 2021

In the current age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR or Industry 4.0), the digital world has a wealth of data, such as Internet of Things (IoT) data, cybersecurity data, mobile data, business data, social media data, health data, etc. To intelligently analyze these data and develop the corresponding smart and automated applications, the knowledge of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly, machine learning (ML) is the key. Various types of machine learning algorithms such as supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning exist in the area. Besides, the deep learning, which is part of a broader family of machine learning methods, can intelligently analyze the data on a large scale. In this paper, we present a comprehensive view on these machine learning algorithms that can be applied to enhance the intelligence and the capabilities of an application. Thus, this study’s key contribution is explaining the principles of different machine learning techniques and their applicability in various real-world application domains, such as cybersecurity systems, smart cities, healthcare, e-commerce, agriculture, and many more. We also highlight the challenges and potential research directions based on our study. Overall, this paper aims to serve as a reference point for both academia and industry professionals as well as for decision-makers in various real-world situations and application areas, particularly from the technical point of view.